The most intensive period of speech and language development for humans is during the first three years of life, a period when the brain is developing and maturing. These skills appear to develop best in a world that is rich with sounds, sights, and consistent exposure to the speech and language of others. There is increasing evidence suggesting that there are "critical periods" for speech and language development in infants and young children. This means that the developing brain is best able to absorb a language, any language, during this period.
Language development is the process by which children come to understand and communicate language during early childhood. Language development begins before birth. Towards the end of pregnancy, a fetus begins to hear sounds and speech coming from outside the mother's body. Infants are acutely attuned to the human voice and prefer it to other sounds. In particular they prefer the higher pitch characteristic of female voices. They also are very attentive to the human face, especially when the face is talking. Although crying is a child's primary means of communication at birth, language immediately begins to develop via repetition and imitation.
Language delay is a failure in children to develop language abilities on the usual age appropriate for their developmental timetable. Language delay is distinct from speech delay, in which the development of the mechanical and motor aspects of speech production is delayed.Oral communication is a two-stage process. The first stage is to encode the message into a set of words and sentence structures that convey the required meaning, i.e. into language. In the second stage, language is translated into motor commands that control the articulators (organs and structures such as the lungs, vocal cords, mouth, tongue, teeth, etc.), thereby creating speech, i.e. orally-expressed language.
When a person is unable to produce speech sounds correctly or fluently, or has problems with his or her voice, then he or she has a speech disorder. When a person has trouble understanding others (receptive language), or sharing thoughts, ideas, and feelings completely (expressive language), then he or she has a language disorder. A stroke can result in aphasia, or a language disorder. A stroke can result in aphasia, or a language disorder. Spelling can be hard for children with dyslexia and other kinds of learning and attention issues.
Articulation, or more specifically course articulation, is the process of comparing the content of courses that are transferred between postsecondary institutions such as TAFE institutes, colleges or universities. In other words, course articulation is the process by which one institution matches its courses or requirements to course work completed at another institution. Students use course articulation to assure that courses they complete will not have to be repeated at the institution to which they are transferring. Course articulation is distinct from the process of acceptance by one institution of earned credit, from another institution, as applicable towards its degree requirements, i.e. "transferring credit".
Phonology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the systematic organization of sounds in languages.Phonology is often distinguished from phonetics. While phonetics concerns the physical production, acoustic transmission and perception of the sounds of speech, phonology describes the way sounds function within a given language or across languages to encode meaning. Some subfields of modern phonology have a crossover with phonetics in descriptive disciplines such as psycholinguistics and speech perception, resulting in specific areas like articulatory phonology or laboratory phonology.
Children may break some of these rules as they learn. If your child has a lot of problems with these rules, he may have a social communication disorder.He may also have other speech or language problems. He may have trouble talking with others or making friends. A speech-language pathologist, or SLP, helps people with social communication problems. The SLP can test speech and language skills. The SLP can then help your child learn how to use language with different people and in different situations. There are rules for how we use language in different situations and with different people. Adults and children can have trouble with these social communication rules. Speech-language pathologists, or SLPs, can help.
Stuttering, also known as stammering, is a speech disorder in which the flow of speech is disrupted by involuntary repetitions and prolongations of sounds, syllables, words or phrases as well as involuntary silent pauses or blocks in which the person who stutters is unable to produce sounds. The term stuttering is most commonly associated with involuntary sound repetition, but it also encompasses the abnormal hesitation or pausing before speech, referred to by people who stutter as blocks, and the prolongation of certain sounds, usually vowels or semivowels. Stuttering is sometimes popularly seen as a symptom of anxiety, but there is actually no direct correlation in that direction (though as mentioned the inverse can be true, as social anxiety may actually develop in individuals as a result of their stuttering).
The term feeding difficulties is a broad term used to describe a variety of feeding or mealtime behaviours perceived as problematic for a child or family. To some extent these behaviours are all considered to be part of typical feeding development and are usually transient. Children displaying a significant number of these behaviours or displaying a behaviour to a greater extent for a prolonged period may be considered to have a ‘Feeding Difficulty. In other words, it is not merely the presence of a behaviour but the severity and duration of behaviours that signifies a problem. The term feeding difficulties is also used to describe children with oral motor difficulties in ingesting & swallowing foods and or fluids. This may be combined with other difficult mealtime behaviours.
Difficulty swallowing is also called dysphagia. It is usually a sign of a problem with your throat or esophagus-the muscular tube that moves food and liquids from the back of your mouth to your stomach. Although dysphagia can happen to anyone, it is most common in older adults, babies, and people who have problems of the brain or nervous system. But if you have trouble swallowing on a regular basis, you may have a more serious problem that needs treatment. If you have a hard time swallowing once or twice, you probably do not have a medical problem.
Auditory processing disorder (APD), also known as central auditory processing disorder (CAPD), is a hearing problem that affects about 5% of school-aged children.With the right therapy, kids with APD can be successful in school and life. Early diagnosis is important, because when the condition isn't caught and treated early, a child can have speech and language delays or problems learning in school. These kinds of problems usually happen when there is background noise, which is often the case in social situations. APD is often misunderstood because many of the behaviors noted above also can accompany other problems, like learning disabilities, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and even depression..
Autism, or autism spectrum disorder, refers to a range of conditions characterized by challenges with social skills, repetitive behaviors, speech and nonverbal communication, as well as by unique strengths and differences. Autism’s most-obvious signs tend to appear between 2 and 3 years of age. In some cases, it can be diagnosed as early as 18 months. Some developmental delays associated with autism can be identified and addressed even earlier. Autistic people see, hear and feel the world differently to other people. If you are autistic, you are autistic for life; autism is not an illness or disease and cannot be 'cured'. Often people feel being autistic is a fundamental aspect of their identity.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a brain-based condition – that is, where the brain hasn’t developed in a typical way. Although no two children with ASD are the same, They all face challenges in interacting and communicating with others. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is group of conditions that hampers social communication, have narrow interests and repetitive behaviors, or to be over- sensitive or under-sensitive to taste, touch, sight or sounds.
Symptoms Present:
Sometimes things happen before a child is born to cause intellectual disability. And sometimes intellectual disability is caused in early childhood.
We don’t know exactly what causes autism spectrum disorder (ASD). But the latest research shows that in children with ASD
The term used when a young child is slower to develop physical, emotional, social and communication skills than is expected in children of that age. Developmental delay can be identified in the way how child moves, communicates, thinks and learns, or behaves with others. When more than one of these things is affected, the term ‘global developmental delay’ might be used. Developmental delay might happen just in the short term or it might be long term or permanent.Child will have developmental delays in physical, emotional, social and communication skills when compared with their peers. Short term developmental delays can happen in premature babies. Permanent developmental delays are also called ‘Developmental Disabilities’. Therapy helps to focus on bridging the gap for the need based development on a particular area of development or more areas of development.
The term used when a young child is slower to develop physical, emotional, social and communication skills than is expected in children of that age. Developmental delay can be identified in the way how child moves, communicates, thinks and learns, or behaves with others. When more than one of these things is affected, the term ‘global developmental delay’ might be used. Developmental delay might happen just in the short term or it might be long term or permanent. Child will have developmental delays in physical, emotional, social and communication skills when compared with their peers. Short term developmental delays can happen in premature babies. Permanent developmental delays are also called ‘Developmental Disabilities’.
Difficulties producing controlled speech (e.g. making speech and/or sequencing sounds and words)
Diagnosis is done by the General practitioner, Child Specialist, Pediatric, Occupational Therapist, Speech therapist, Psychologist, Special Educator etc.
Required Treatment For Developmental Delay
Diagnosis alone is NOT the solution. It simply opens the door to getting the help that is needed by arming all involved with the relevant information. Therapy helps the child to develop skills required to meet the age appropriate needs and development.Therapy helps to focus on bridging the gap for the need based development on a particular area of development or more areas of development. Therapy helps in the Neuroplasticity, which is the brain’s ability to improve and change throughout a person’s lifetime, is fundamental to our therapeutic intervention program. Our drug – free, integrated approach brings parents and kids together to achieve a common goal of helping children with developmental delays.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common childhood disorders. ADHD is a broad term, and the condition can vary from person to person. There are an estimated 6.4 million diagnosed children in the United States, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This condition is sometimes called attention deficit disorder (ADD), but this is an outdated term. The term was once used to refer to someone who had trouble focusing but was not hyperactive. The American Psychiatric Association released the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) in May 2013. The DSM-5 changed the criteria to diagnose someone with ADHD.
When children have intellectual disability, they have a reduced ability to think. They might take longer and need extra support to learn new skills. Children with intellectual disability often learn at a slower rate than others. They can have problems with memory, thinking and learning. Sometimes things happen before a child is born to cause intellectual disability. And sometimes intellectual disability is caused in early childhood. Intellectual disability can be caused by drug and alcohol use by a child’s mother during pregnancy. It can also be caused by exposure to poisons such as lead during pregnancy. Children with intellectual disability feel a full range of emotions and keep learning, just like other children. And like all children, they get a lot out of being part of the community and doing activities that....
Cerebral palsy is a physical disability that makes it difficult for children to control their muscles and movements. Early intervention services are very crucial. To support them better. Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a disability caused by the damage to the brain during the developmental process. Children can have problems like muscle Weakness, Stiffness, Awkwardness, Slowness and Shakiness. They might also have difficulty with balance and coordination.
Causes of intellectual disability
Types Of Cerebral Palsy
Spastic cerebral palsy Muscles stiffen up or become tight automatically. This happens because messages from her brain to her muscles can’t get through clearly.Dyskinesia cerebral palsy
In this type of cerebral palsy, when a child tries to move he might make twisting, repetitive movements with his arms, hands, legs and feet, and around his mouth. These movements might make it very difficult for him to sit, stand, reach or grasp. Dystonia and athetosis are two types of these movement problems.
Ataxic cerebral palsy
Child will have shaky and unsteady movements or tremors. Have problems with balance and might walk with feet wide apart to help themselves to balance. Child with cerebral palsy actually has a combination of two or more of these types.
Hemiplegia
One side of the body is affected such as the right arm and right leg as well as often the right hand side of the trunk. Damage to the brain occurs on the opposite side to the limbs affected.
Diplegia
Here the lower limbs are affected. Some impact on hand function and other areas such as visual perception may also occur.
Quadriplegia
Whole body, Including all four limbs are affected.
Triplegia
The lower limbs and right arm /left arm will be affected.
Different combination of symptoms are shown in every child affected with CP. The severity varies from child to child. Children with mild symptoms and can walk well and communicate effectively. Children with severe cerebral palsy might have difficulty making everyday movements and doing everyday things. About one-third of children with cerebral palsy will need extra help to get around, and one quarter wont be able to walk. The effects of cerebral palsy can be different in different children. One child might be affected mainly on one side of the body (like a stroke in an adult), and another child might be affected in both legs. And yet another child might have effects in legs, arms and body, many children feel the effects of cerebral palsy in the muscles of their face, mouth and throat. This can affect communication, eating and drinking.
Symptoms
Other problems can include
What is required?
Cerebral palsy children may also experience gastro- esophageal reflux, constipation, epilepsy, orthopedic problem and recurrent chest infection.
Services required
Why therapy is required?
Therapy at the early stage can get harder for their body to manage extra challenges as they grows up. Early intervention can improve out comes for your child to increase their full potential as early as possible.
Intellectual Disability (formerly termed Mental Retardation) is an impairment of cognitive skills, adaptive life skills, and social skills. Roughly 1% of the population are intellectually disabled. The condition ranges in severity from mild to profound. Of those affected, about 85% fall into the "mild" category, and receive the diagnosis of Mild Intellectual Disability (MID). When diagnosing this condition, professionals look at two factors: Intelligence functioning and adaptive skills. Intelligence functioning is measured by an IQ (Intelligence Quotient) score.
Cerebral palsy is a physical disability that makes it difficult for children to control their muscles and movements. Early intervention services are very crucial. To support them better. Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a disability caused by the damage to the brain during the developmental process. Children can have problems like muscle Weakness, Stiffness, Awkwardness, Slowness and Shakiness. They might also have difficulty with balance and coordination.Child will have shaky and unsteady movements or tremors. Have problems with balance and might walk with feet wide apart to help themselves to balance. Child with cerebral palsy actually has a combination of two or more of these types....
Cerebral palsy is a physical disability that makes it difficult for children to control their muscles and movements. Early intervention services are very crucial. To support them better. Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a disability caused by the damage to the brain during the developmental process. Children can have problems like muscle Weakness, Stiffness, Awkwardness, Slowness and Shakiness. They might also have difficulty with balance and coordination.
Causes of intellectual disability:
Types Of Cerebral Palsy
Spastic cerebral palsy Muscles stiffen up or become tight automatically. This happens because messages from her brain to her muscles can’t get through clearly. Dyskinetic cerebral palsy
In this type of cerebral palsy, when a child tries to move he might make twisting, repetitive movements with his arms, hands, legs and feet, and around his mouth. These movements might make it very difficult for him to sit, stand, reach or grasp. Dystonia and athetosis are two types of these movement problems.
Ataxic cerebral palsy
Child will have shaky and unsteady movements or tremors. Have problems with balance and might walk with feet wide apart to help themselves to balance. Child with cerebral palsy actually has a combination of two or more of these types.
Hemiplegia
One side of the body is affected such as the right arm and right leg as well as often the right hand side of the trunk. Damage to the brain occurs on the opposite side to the limbs affected.
Diplegia
Here the lower limbs are affected. Some impact on hand function and other areas such as visual perception may also occur.
Quadriplegia
Whole body, Including all four limbs are affected.
Triplegia
The lower limbs and right arm / left arm will be affected.
Different combination of symptoms are shown in every child affected with CP. The severity varies from child to child. Children with mild symptoms and can walk well and communicate effectively. Children with severe cerebral palsy might have difficulty making everyday movements and doing everyday things. About one-third of children with cerebral palsy will need extra help to get around, and one quarter wont be able to walk. The effects of cerebral palsy can be different in different children. One child might be affected mainly on one side of the body (like a stroke in an adult), and another child might be affected in both legs. And yet another child might have effects in legs, arms and body, many children feel the effects of cerebral palsy in the muscles of their face, mouth and throat. This can affect communication, eating and drinking.
Symptoms
Other problems can include
What is required?
Cerebral palsy children may also experience gastro- esophageal reflux, constipation, epilepsy, orthopedic problem and recurrent chest infection.
Services required
Why therapy is required?
Therapy at the early stage can get harder for their body to manage extra challenges as they grows up. Early intervention can improve out comes for your child to increase their full potential as early as possible.
The physical capacity to move, coordinate actions, or perform physical activities is significantly limited, impaired, or delayed and is exhibited by difficulties in one or more of the following areas: physical and motor tasks; independent movement; performing basic life functions. The term shall include severe orthopedic impairments or impairments caused by congenital anomaly, cerebral palsy, amputations, and fractures if such impairment adversely affects a student's educational performance. Physical impairment is typically defined as not being able to perform without assistance two, or sometimes three, of the six basic activities of daily living.
Visual impairment, also known as vision impairment or vision loss, is a decreased ability to see to a degree that causes problems not fixable by usual means, such as glasses. Some also include those who have a decreased ability to see because they do not have access to glasses or contact lenses. Visual impairment is often defined as a best corrected visual acuity of worse than either 20/40 or 20/60. The term blindness is used for complete or nearly complete vision loss. Visual impairment may cause people difficulties with normal daily activities such as driving, reading, socializing, and walking. Other disorders that may cause visual problems include age related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, corneal clouding, childhood blindness, and a number of infections.
Hearing impairment as a disability category is similar to the category of deafness, but it is not the same. A hearing loss above 90 decibels is generally considered deafness, which means that a hearing loss below 90 decibels is classified as a hearing impairment. These identify the location in the body in which the hearing impairment occurs. Hearing aids and other sound amplifying assistive technologies (AT) often work for students with conductive hearing loss, as their impairments stem from the outer or middle ear.
When children receive a cochlear implant they will require a huge amount of input from the Speech and Language Pathologist/Therapist, the professional implant team, and the parents/care-givers of the child. For adults acquiring a cochlear implant, it is likely that they once had some hearing and already have speech skills, so any input from professionals may be less demanding. Normal hearing aids amplify the sound, implants attempt to bypass the damaged parts of the hearing mechanism and take the sounds straight to the auditory nerve. Once the operation is over for the child, and the cochlear implant is working, there will be several years work by all those involved with the child to facilitate listening, speech, and language development.
A communication disorder is any disorder that affects an individual's ability to comprehend, detect, or apply language and speech to engage in discourse effectively with others. The delays and disorders can range from simple sound substitution to the inability to understand or use one's native languagePersons who speak more than one language or are considered to have an accent in their location of residence do not have speech disorders if they are speaking in a manner consistent with their home environment or a blending of their home and foreign environment. In general, communications disorders commonly refer to problems in speech (comprehension and/or expression) that significantly interfere with an individual’s achievement and/or quality of life. Knowing the operational definition of the agency performing an assessment or giving a diagnosis may help.
Speech disorders or speech impediments are a type of communication disorder where 'normal' speech is disrupted. This can mean stuttering, lisps, etc. Someone who is unable to speak due to a speech disorder is considered mute.Speech disorders can affect the way a person creates sounds to form words. Certain voice disorders may also be considered speech disorders. Some people with speech disorders are aware of what they would like to say but unable to articulate their thoughts. This may lead to self-esteem issues and the development of depression.
A language disorder is an impairment that makes it hard for someone to find the right words and form clear sentences when speaking. It can also make it difficult to understand what another person says. A child may have difficulty understanding what others say, may struggle to put thoughts into words, or both. Their challenge is mastering and applying the rules of language, like grammar. They aren’t simply “late talkers”. Without treatment, their communication problems will continue and may lead to emotional issues and academic struggles.
When a person is unable to produce speech sounds correctly or fluently, or has problems with his or her voice, then he or she has a speech disorder. When a person has trouble understanding others (receptive language), or sharing thoughts, ideas, and feelings completely (expressive language), then he or she has a language disorder. A stroke can result in aphasia, or a language disorder. Both children and adults can have speech and language disorders. They can occur as a result of a medical problem or have no known cause.
Voice is the sound made by air passing from your lungs through your larynx, or voice box. In your larynx are your vocal cords, two bands of muscle that vibrate to make sound. For most of us, our voices play a big part in who we are, what we do, and how we communicate. Many things we do can injure our vocal cords. Talking too much, screaming, constantly clearing your throat, or smoking can make you hoarse. They can also lead to problems such as nodules, polyps, and sores on the vocal cords. Other causes of voice disorders include infections, upward movement of stomach acids into the throat, growths due to a virus, cancer, and diseases that paralyze the vocal cords.
Difficulties with reading fluency are nearly universal among individuals with learning disabilities in reading. Reading fluency is the ability to read text not just accurately, but also quickly and effortlessly. Fluency is characterized by appropriate intonation and expression during oral reading, as well as by a high degree of accuracy and speed in recognizing individual words in the text. Reading fluency is important for at least three reasons. First, if students need to put effort into reading individual words, they tend to lose comprehension.
Language processing disorders are brain-based conditions that make it difficult for someone to express himself or make sense of what is being said to him.Researchers cannot yet pinpoint the exact cause of language disorders, but existing research indicates that genetics are most likely involved: up to 40 percent of those with a family history of language disorders have the condition themselves — compared to just 4 percent of those with no family history of language disorders.Expressive language disorders are diagnosed when an individual struggles to produce language, speak in grammatically correct sentences, or translate thoughts into speech.
Language delay is a failure in children to develop language abilities on the usual age appropriate for their developmental timetable. Language delay is distinct from speech delay, in which the development of the mechanical and motor aspects of speech production is delayed.Oral communication is a two-stage process. The first stage is to encode the message into a set of words and sentence structures that convey the required meaning, i.e. into language. In the second stage, language is translated into motor commands that control the articulators (organs and structures such as the lungs, vocal cords, mouth, tongue, teeth, etc.), thereby creating speech, i.e. orally-expressed language. Because language and speech are independent, they may be individually delayed. For example, a child may be delayed in speech (i.e., unable to produce intelligible speech sounds), but not delayed in language. However a child with a language delay typically has not yet been able to use language to formulate material to speak; he or she is therefore likely to have a delay in speech as well.
Children have to learn this process. They start by sucking and learn how to eat solid foods and drink from a cup. Children will have some trouble at first. Drinks may spill from their mouths. They may push food back out or gag on new foods. This is normal and should go away. A child with a feeding disorder will keep having trouble. Some children will eat only certain foods, or they may take a long time to eat. These children may also have a feeding disorder. Think about how you eat. You first have to get the food or drink to your mouth. You may use a fork, spoon, straw, or your hands. You have to open your mouth and take the food in. You close your lips to keep the food in your mouth. You then chew the food or move the liquid to get ready to swallow.
